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The Age of Cybernetics
(p. 11 – 26)
(p. 11 – 26)
Claus Pias
is Professor for History and Epistemology of Media at the Institute for Culture and Aesthetics of Digital Media (ICAM) at Leuphana University Lueneburg, where he is also director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Media Cultures of Computer Simulation (MECS), the Centre for Digital Cultures (CDC) and the Digital Cultures Research Lab (DCRL). Main areas of interest are the media history and epistemology of computer simulations, the history of media studies, and the history and epistemology of cybernetics.
Other texts by Claus Pias for DIAPHANES
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Contact – Die Welt des (Ausser-)Irdischen
In: Annett Zinsmeister (ed.), Constructing Utopia
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Zeit der Kybernetik – Eine Einstimmung
In: Claus Pias (ed.), Cybernetics | Kybernetik 2
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Digitale Sekretäre: 1968, 1978, 1998
In: Bernhard Siegert (ed.), Joseph Vogl (ed.), Europa: Kultur der Sekretäre
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›Bat men begin‹. Die Fledermaus und die Erfindung der Abschreckung
In: Anne von der Heiden (ed.), Joseph Vogl (ed.), Politische Zoologie
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Paradiesische Zustände. Tümpel – Erde – Raumstation
In: Butis Butis (ed.), Stehende Gewässer
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Einleitung. Von der »Klein-Hypothese« zur ›Beratung der Gesellschaft‹
In: Thomas Brandstetter (ed.), Claus Pias (ed.), Sebastian Vehlken (ed.), Think Tanks
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Think-Tank-Denken. Zur Epistemologie der Beratung
In: Thomas Brandstetter (ed.), Claus Pias (ed.), Sebastian Vehlken (ed.), Think Tanks
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Der Auftrag. Kybernetik und Revolution in Chile
In: Daniel Gethmann (ed.), Markus Stauff (ed.), Politiken der Medien
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Vorwort
In: Claus Pias (ed.), Zukünfte des Computers
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»Children of the revolution«. Video-Spiel-Computer als Kreuzungen der Informationsgesellschaft
In: Claus Pias (ed.), Zukünfte des Computers
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Maschinen-Sprachen
In: Thomas Bäumler (ed.), Benjamin Bühler (ed.), Stefan Rieger (ed.), Nicht Fisch – nicht Fleisch
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Was waren Medien-Wissenschaften?. Stichworte zu einer Standortbestimmung
In: Claus Pias (ed.), Was waren Medien?
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Cybernation. Von der Freizeit zur Freiheit und wieder zurück
In: Stefan Rieger (ed.), Manfred Schneider (ed.), Selbstläufer / Leerläufer
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Motive. Einleitung in den Schwerpunkt
In: Gesellschaft für Medienwissenschaft (ed.), Zeitschrift für Medienwissenschaft 1
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Aus dem Tagebuch eines Selbstaufzeichners. Jens Martin Loebel im Gespräch mit Ute Holl und Claus Pias
In: Gesellschaft für Medienwissenschaft (ed.), Zeitschrift für Medienwissenschaft 4
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Zur Epistemologie der Computersimulation ABO
In: Peter Berz (ed.), Marianne Kubaczek (ed.), Eva Laquièze-Waniek (ed.), David Unterholzner (ed.), Spielregeln. 25 Aufstellungen
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Ein Vorwort in zehn Thesen
In: Inge Baxmann (ed.), Timon Beyes (ed.), Claus Pias (ed.), Soziale Medien – Neue Massen
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II. Welche Medien?. Einleitung
In: Inge Baxmann (ed.), Timon Beyes (ed.), Claus Pias (ed.), Soziale Medien – Neue Massen
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Einleitung
In: Claus Pias (ed.), Stefan Rieger (ed.), Vollstes Verständnis
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»Greatest Common Knowledge«. Kultur, Intelligenz und das Versprechen der Ignoranz
In: Claus Pias (ed.), Stefan Rieger (ed.), Vollstes Verständnis
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An Introduction in Ten Theses
In: Inge Baxmann (ed.), Timon Beyes (ed.), Claus Pias (ed.), Social Media—New Masses
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II. Which Media?
In: Inge Baxmann (ed.), Timon Beyes (ed.), Claus Pias (ed.), Social Media—New Masses
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Editorial Note
In: Claus Pias (ed.), Cybernetics
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...und die Cookies löschen!
In: Ute Holl (ed.), Claus Pias (ed.), Burkhardt Wolf (ed.), Gespenster des Wissens
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Presentism: Digital Cultures and the Legacy of Media Critique
In: Erich Hörl (ed.), Nelly Y. Pinkrah (ed.), Lotte Warnsholdt (ed.), Critique and the Digital
Cybernetics
The Macy Conferences 1946–1953. The Complete Transactions
With a foreword by Claus Pias
Softcover, 736 pages
PDF, 736 pages
Between 1946 and 1953 ten conferences under the heading "Cybernetics. Circular, Causal, and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems" were held. Sponsored by Josiah Macy Jr., the so-called Macy Conferences mark perhaps the most important event in the history of science after WW II. Using new terms such as "information", "feedback", and "analogical/digital" as starting point, the participants tried to develop a universal theory of regulation and control, that would be applicable to living beings as well as to machines, to economic as well as to mental processes, and to sociological as well as to aesthetical phenomena. These concepts permeate thinking in such diverse fields as biology, neurology, sociology, language studies, computer science, and even psychoanalysis, ecology, politics, and economy. They marked the epoch-making changes from thermodynamics to cybernetics (Wiener), from the disciplinary to control society (Deleuze), and from the industrial to information society (Lyotard).
The Macy Conferences are of special historical/scientific value since they do not deal with completed texts yet, but rather with interdisciplinary negotiations about an emerging epistemology. This edition contains the complete transcription and protocols of all Macy Conference contributions.
Content
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9
Editorial Note
Claus Pias
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11–26
The Age of Cybernetics
Claus Pias
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29–40
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41–65
The Psychological Moment in Perception
John Stroud
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66–97
The Neurotic Potential and Human Adaptation
Lawrence S. Kubie
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98–121
Quantum Mechanical Theory of Memory
Heinz von Foerster
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122–159
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160–162
Sensory Prosthesises
Norbert Wiener
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163–164
References (1949)
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166
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167–168
Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Conference Program (1950)
Frank Fremont-Smith
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169
Introductory Remarks
Warren S. McCulloch
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171–202
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203–247
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248–272
The Redundancy of English
Claude E. Shannon
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273–290
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291–302
On the Development of Word Meanings
Heinz Werner
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303–306
The Development of Language in Early Childhood
John Stroud
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307–325
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326–334
Appendix I: Body Symbolization and Development of Language
Lawrence S. Kubie
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335
Appendix II: References (1950)
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338
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339–340
Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Conference Program (1951)
Frank Fremont-Smith
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341–348
A Note by the Editors (1951)
Margaret Mead, Hans Lukas Teuber, ...
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349–381
Communication Patterns in Problem-Solving Groups
Alex Bavelas
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382–415
Communication Between Men. The Meaning of Language
Ivor A. Richards
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416–445
Communication Between Sane and Insane. Hypnosis
Lawrence S. Kubie
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446–473
Communication Between Animals
Herbert G. Birch
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474–479
Presentation of a Maze-Solving Machine
Claude E. Shannon
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480–509
In Search of Basic Symbols
Donald M. MacKay
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511–523
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525–528
Appendix II: References (1951)
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530
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531–532
Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Conference Program (1952)
Frank Fremont-Smith
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533–540
A Note by the Editors (1952)
Margaret Mead, Hans Lukas Teuber, ...
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541–574
The Position of Humor in Human Communication
Gregory Bateson
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575–592
The Place of Emotions in the Feedback Concept
Lawrence S. Kubie
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593–619
Homeostasis
W. Ross Ashby
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620–628
Discrimination and Learning in Octopus
J.Z. Young
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629–633
Reduction of the Number of Possible Boolean Functions
John R. Bowman
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634–650
Central Excitation and Inhibition
Ralph W. Gerard
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651–653
Mechanical Chess Player
W. Ross Ashby
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654–656
Turbulence as Random Stimulation of Sense Organs
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
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657–665
Investigations on Synaptic Transmission
Walter Pitts
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666–676
Feedback Mechanism in Cellular Biology
Henry Quastler
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677–679
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682
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683
Foreword
Frank Fremont-Smith
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685–686
The Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Conference Program (1953)
Frank Fremont-Smith
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687–688
Introductory Remarks
Warren S. McCulloch
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689–696
Studies on Activity of the Brain
W. Grey-Walter
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697–706
Semantic Information and its Measures
Yehoshua Bar-Hillel
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707–718
Meaning in Language and How it is Acquired
Yuen Ren Chao
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719–725
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727–728
Appendix II: References (1953)
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729–734
Index